Particular Aspects Of The Concept Of “Terrorism”

. The research paper studies current issues and prospects for the formation and implementation of the state policy of combating terrorism. As the author emphasizes, terrorist acts related to the of weapons, munitions or explosives are defined as the most dangerous and destructive consequences, as they pose a real threat to people’s lives and health, and cause the destruction of industrial, economic, or defense facilities. It became especially relevant during the resistance of the Ukrainian people to armed aggression by Russia. Therefore, the relevance of the theoretical and methodological development of particular issues of the concept of “terrorism” is beyond doubt and is the purpose of writing this research paper.

solving the issue in a comprehensive, integrated form.In addition, Ukraine is now courageously resisting the aggressor country, which is resorting to mass terrorism, especially of the civilian population.Thus, during eight months of Russia's war against Ukraine, at least 85% of the population personally felt its consequences.Sociologists estimated that 32 million people were affected by the war.The statistics of the war is impressive: more than 6.4 million Ukrainian families have already experienced living under occupation, 6 million have lost their savings or property, 5.3 million have been left homeless, and 1.1 million families have experienced hunger.It is known that almost 100 thousand people in Ukraine have experienced the death of their close relatives or friends 2 .For this reason, the relevance of the theoretical and methodological development of particular issues of the concept of "terrorism" is beyond doubt and is the purpose of writing this research paper.
Results and discussion.So, in order to study terrorism, first of all, we will consider the etymological essence and historical origins of this phenomenon.
In the academic explanatory dictionary of the Ukrainian language, it is determined that terror (from Latin terror is fear, horror) is the most acute form of struggle against political and class opponents with the use of violence up to physical destruction.Terrorism is the implementation, application of terror; activities, and practice of terrorists 3 .In the dictionary of foreign words, the concept "terror" and "terrorism" are aquated, and under them is meant the policy of intimidation, suppression of opponents by coming acts of violence (murders, explosions, arson, taking hostages, etc.) 4 .
At first, terror was almost exclusively an individual phenomenon.The main thing was to eliminate a specific person.It was a simple physical destruction of a political opponent, behind which usually there was not even a special goal of providing a frightening effect on the consciousness and psychology of the masses.Individual terror served as a common tool of political struggle, e.i., the last resort to eliminate a stronger and more powerful political opponent or rival 5 .
The origin of mass terror is associated with the Great French Revolution (1789-1795), which was accompanied by a bloody showdown between the bourgeoisie and its opponents.Robespierre was the main ideologist and inspirer of the Great Terror.He declared terror to be the internal policy of the entire state, aimed at exterminating the aristocracy as a class.As a result of this policy, many different kinds of criminal and terrorist societies emerged, the main purpose of which was murder and profit, not ideas of social transformation.
With the emergence in XIX century of organizations opposed to the state practicing systematic assassinations, the concepts of "terror" and "terrorism" gradually ceased to be extended to the field of military operations and were distinguished as characteristics of only a certain type of political struggle.These concepts themselves are specified and to some extent separated from each other.The concept of "terrorism" began to denote political murders, activities of opposition organizations, and their tactics, while the concept

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The author contributed solely to the intellectual discussion underlying this paper, case-law exploration, writing and editing, and accept responsibility for the content and interpretation.

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The author declare that they have no conflict of interest.
of "terror" was attached to the repressive actions of the state.And only in the most general way, when marking terrorist practice and separating it from other types of political violence, both these concepts have become interchangeable 6 .
The provisions of the Law of Ukraine "On Combating Terrorism" provide the following definition: "terrorism is a socially dangerous activity, which consists in the deliberate, purposeful use of violence by taking hostages, arson, murder, tortures, intimidation of the population and authorities, or committing other attacks on life or health of innocent people or threats to commit criminal acts in order to achieve criminal goals"7 .The concept of terrorist activity is proposed in Art.258 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, namely: a terrorist act, that is, the use of weapons, commission of an explosion, arson, or other actions that created a danger to human life or health, or caused significant property damage or the occurrence of other serious consequences, if such actions were committed with the aim of violation of public security, intimidation of the population, provocation of a military conflict, international complication, or with the purpose of influencing decision-making or taking or not taking actions by state authorities or local self-government bodies, officials of these bodies, associations of citizens, legal entities, or attracting attention the public to certain political, religious or other views of the perpetrator (terrorist), as well as the threat of committing the specified actions with the same purpose8 .
Thus, terrorism as a phenomenon arose within the framework of state policy, and terror was used by political figures as a means of managing society and suppressing the enemy, and later it acquired an oppositional nature.Terror on the part of rulers gradually led to the fact that a desire for terror arose at the grassroots, among the same masses that the rulers tried to intimidate, following the elite.
Considering terrorism through the prism of a modern vision, it should be noted that the distinguishing features of terrorism of our time are: the generation of general danger; openly demonstrative nature of goal achievement; deliberate formation at the social level of stressful situations (tension, fear, depression); influencing certain people in order to satisfy any claims.
Terrorists use hidden or open confrontations, armed conflicts, unresolved social problems and economic crisis phenomena existing in certain regions and carry out professionally prepared full-scale terrorist actions with the aim of clashing representatives of different religious, ethnic groups or ideological and political currents.The ultimate goals of leaders of terrorist organizations are certain political consequences (destabilization of the socio-political situation, elimination or weakening of political opponents, seizure of power, overthrow of the constitutional system, etc.), obtaining material benefits and further legalization of criminal income (opening of one's own banking institution, acquisition of material assets, introduction of funds into entrepreneurial activities, the purchase of real estate, etc.), as well as the redistribution of spheres of influence and financial flows among representatives of business structures.
We are convinced that the merging of terrorist activity with international general criminality, integration of criminal terrorism with religious, political or nationalist terrorism should be considered a new direction of terrorism.In particular, terrorist organizations carry out illegal trade in people and human

PARTICULAR ASPECTS OF THE CONCEPT OF "TERRORISM"
The research paper studies current issues and prospects for the formation and implementation of the state policy of combating terrorism.
As the author emphasizes, terrorist acts related to the of weapons, munitions or explosives are defined as the most dangerous and destructive consequences, as they pose a real threat to people's lives and health, and cause the destruction of industrial, economic, or defense facilities.It became especially relevant during the resistance of the Ukrainian people to armed aggression by Russia.Therefore, the relevance of the theoretical and methodological development of particular issues of the concept of "terrorism" is beyond doubt and is the purpose of writing this research paper.The most characteristic features of modern terrorist activity should be considered to be its mostly organized nature, ideological cover for political or self-interested motivation, financing and coordination by non-governmental organizations, representatives of criminal communities or individual states, as well as the use by terrorists of corrupt connections with representatives of state authorities, law enforcement officers, employees of special services of foreign countries and influential persons of the economic and financial segment.
Particular Aspects Of The Concept Of "Terrorism" organs, smuggling of drugs, poisonous and explosive substances, contract killings and kidnappings.Pursuing certain ideological motives, terrorists at the same time seek to obtain unlimited financial opportunities.The latest trends are also the support of anti-government and separatist movements by terrorist organizations, use of insurgent tactics, methods of guerrilla warfare and subversive intelligence in terrorist activities.
The most dangerous and destructive consequences are terrorist acts related to the computer technology use, as they pose a real threat to the stable operation of critical infrastructure that threatens human life and health, disrupts work of enterprises, institutions and organizations, industrial and economic facilities, etc.The complexity of prevention, detection and investigation of these cyber incidents is due to the following: -rapid emergence of the latest developments in the field of computer technology for civil and military purposes; -weakness of system of countering terrorist cyberattacks.Unfortunately, we should state that level of protection of domestic critical infrastructure and aviation does not always meet modern world safety requirements.This is very often due to corruption or shortcomings in organizational and economic activities at critical infrastructure and aviation facilities; -lack of a sufficient number of top-quality experts working on critical infrastructure, aviation and have the necessary level of knowledge in the field of computer technology; -gaps in the patriotic upbringing of the population leading to betrayal of the national interests of Ukraine.This is especially relevant in the realities Ukrainian present when the state is forced to resist foreign aggression on its borders; -increasing stress and psychological burden on society, the emergence of panic caused by the presence of negative military, economic and social factors; -weak coordination of actions of law enforcement agencies during antiterrorist operations; -significant prevalence on Internet of sites with outright extremist ideology; -lack of operational and investigative information regarding persons who create a hacker group of criminal orientation; -weakness of domestic anti-terrorist legislation containing many legal conflicts and contradictions; -high level of secrecy and latency of cyber incidents, etc 9 .The use of globalization processes and integration trends by terrorist structures as components of such processes to strengthen the influence of the ideology of terrorist communities on the territory of many countries must be recognized as a specific feature of modern terrorism.Thus, the possibility of unimpeded border crossing, spread of advanced technologies at the global level, implementation of international programs for the exchange of children, students and specialists, international scientific and technical exchange, increase in the volume of trade between different countries, acceleration of the movement of goods, services and information contribute to terrorists in realization of their criminal intentions and achievement of specified terrorist goals.The breeding ground for new generation of terrorists is the refugee camps, where there is an outbreak of infectious diseases, spread of sexual violence against children, and the sale of minors to representatives of criminal communities.

Particular Aspects Of The Concept Of "Terrorism"
The complexity of disclosure and investigation of mentioned crimes is due to the following: rapid emergence of the latest developments in the field of armaments; weakness of the control system for the movement of weapons, ammunition and explosives along the demarcation line between AFU and armed terrorist groups; manifestations of corruption, shortcomings of organizational and economic activity in Armed Forces of Ukraine; reduction of disciplinary requirements for military personnel; large gaps in the nationalpatriotic education of the population; significant impact of military actions on the socio-demographic structure of society (the emergence of a large number of people who have been demobilized from the ranks of the army and have combat experience and high military qualifications); increase in stress and psychological burden on society, the emergence of panicky moods caused by the presence of negative military, economic and social factors; activity of a large number of informal military-type associations; increase in social tendencies towards the resolution of conflicts by force, the spread of manifestation of cruelty and violence; low coordination of actions of law enforcement agencies during anti-terrorist operations; availability of a large database from the open arrays of the Internet on the creation and use of weapons and explosive devices; availability of so-called "dual-use" means that can be used as components to create homemade weapons or explosive devices; significant prevalence on the Internet of sites with an over extremist ideology, etc. 10 .
Consequently, terrorism, having gone beyond the national boundaries of the intra-societal relations of an individual country, becomes a destructive threat to the entire world community and affects the entire system of international relations in general.
V. S. Kantsir's scientific position is quite interesting, who based on a comprehensive analysis of theoretical and methodological approaches to understanding modern terrorism, offers the author's definition of the latter as an emanation of evil in the human existence, attempts to transform a destructive illusion into reality thanks to socially dangerous activity, which is accompanied by maximum resonance and consists in a conscious, purposeful application or threat the use of violence and is aimed at drawing attention to certain views, obtaining and maintaining power in society or putting pressure on power structures in order to make (not make) decisions desired by terrorists 11 .The author highlights that, as a social phenomenon, terrorism is the ideology, policy, and social practice of social forces (individuals, groups, and institutions) that focus on illegal violent forms of changing the state and social system.In other words, it is an asymmetric response, used when the weaker side cannot overcome the stronger side by conventional means 12 .
The study of the concept of terrorism was also in the orbit of the attention of many American researchers.So, for instance, A. Shmidt understands terrorism as a violent method or the threat of its use, used by non-governmental conspiratorial individuals, groups or organizations in peacetime, carried out with the help of discrete actions aimed at various objects with certain goals or Mots-clés : terrorisme, menace terroriste, prévention.
Particular Aspects Of The Concept Of "Terrorism" effects 13 .Instead, U. Laqueur believed that terrorism is an illegitimate use of force to achieve a political goal by threatening innocent people 14 .
Analyzing different approaches to the understanding of terrorism, V. V. Konchakovska emphasizes that terrorism is a universal phenomenon because it is not inherent to a certain group of people or a separate nation, it has spread to the whole world and has become one of the main planetary problems.Unfortunately, no matter how the leaders of the world's countries try to oppose terrorist acts and the development of terrorism as a phenomenon of criminal behavior, terrorists still find new and new ways to achieve their goals using the lives of others.Like any other criminal phenomenon, terrorism undergoes a certain evolution and improvement, but the response to such development must be immediate in the ways of their detection, disclosure, and most importantly -prevention.Overcoming the problem of terrorism and its prosperity is possible, if not completely, then at least reducing the number of its manifestations 15 .
So, as we can see, common key features are observed in the definitions proposed by scientists, which determine the essence of the analyzed phenomenon.These are: the use of violence (threat of its use) as a means of intimidation, pressure or threats; the political, religious, social or ideological basis of terrorist goals and illegitimate forms of achieving the corresponding goal; creating an atmosphere of terror, an atmosphere of fear and hopelessness; achieving wide publicity and social resonance; integration of terrorism and organized criminal activity.
It is worth noting that the specifics of terrorist activity have certain similar characteristics to another form of violence -war.War and terrorism have one fundamental common feature -the attempt to achieve corresponding political goals by any means and methods, except those that are considered "unprofitable".The analogy between one and other phenomena is based on the fact that in both cases it is about the use of weapons, murder, wounding, and intimidation of people.In this regard, L. Bonanate rightly notes that terrorism is one of the possible alternatives to conventional forms of war, limited not so much by the desire of countries to cooperate, but by the threat of thermonuclear war, on the one hand, and the growth of interstate control, on the other hand 16 .Thus, terrorism should be considered through the prism of aggressive actions directed at the civilian population of a separate country and should be considered as an element of conducting hybrid military operations.In this aspect, it is possible to say that terrorism is also a form of modern war.In our opinion, in the conditions of the spread of confrontation between nuclear states, terrorism will continue to be considered as a tool for resolving conflicts between them.Especially from the side of states in which anti-people regimes operate and violence and arbitrariness of the ruling elite are promoted.
To clarify the essence of the phenomenon of terrorism, it is also important to determine the determinants of this dangerous phenomenon, that is, its causes and prerequisites, as well as the trends in the development of the latest manifestations of terrorist activity.
Thus, in accordance with the Decree of the President of Ukraine "On measures to strengthen the fight against terrorism in Ukraine", the main causes of modern terrorism include: radicalism, extremism, politicization of issues of international and ethno-confessional relations, the spread of civil intolerance and confrontation, primarily in the sphere of socio-political relations, as well as the negative influence of international terrorist and religious extremist organizations 17 .We believe that they can be classified into objective and subjective factors.The author attributes to the objective factors: the existence of long unresolved social conflicts, the absence of mechanisms for the legal achievement of socio-political goals, the absence of effective legal, administrative and organizational measures to counter terrorism, the marginalization of a part of the population.Subjective factors, in his opinion, are the presence of mental and physical aggressiveness, maladjustment and social rejection of the individual, and fanaticism.The latter, in turn, are divided into those that are subject to influence (e.g., unresolved issues of the most important national and ethnic issues) and those that are not subjected to influence (e.g., reasons related to the deliberation of social relations).
It is also possible to single out the following factors that determine the increase in danger of terrorism in modern conditions: the spread of the practice of using violence in world politics and internal political opposition; involvement of increasingly significant sections and groups of the population in various currents of political extremism; widespread use of particularly dangerous forms and methods of politically motivated violence by both international and domestic terrorism (e.g., so-called mass terrorism); change in the tactics of terrorist organizations of different ideological and political orientation towards choosing not only citizens as objects of use of force or the threat of its use, but also objects that pose an increased danger to others, etc.
Thus, we believe that the following are appropriate to include among the main determinants that contribute to turning to terrorist activities of individuals or certain groups: presence of political, religious or ideological contradictions on the territory of a certain or a separate state; -growing scale of organized crime in the field of illegal trafficking of firearms, explosives, drugs and poisonous substances; -creation of high-precision guided weapons and new types of weapons of mass destruction (geophysical, infrasonic, radiation, etc.); -interest of other countries in the formation of contradictions and conflicts on the territory of a separate state, providing criminal structures with the appropriate material and technical base; -incitement and production by interested persons of mutual hatred between representatives of different views and beliefs; -imposition of a certain worldview, way of life and sociocultural values, which contradicts of traditions of certain layers of society; -presence of military conflicts on the territory of a certain country, increased military threat from another state; -political and economic instability, competition for limited resources, imperfect migration policy; -lack of proper control over the movement of persons who go to earn money in the countries of the Middle East countries; -spread of information and psychological influence and ideas of radical Islam, promotion of Wahhabism; -imperfection of information and analytical monitoring system for the activities of radical and extremist organizations; Particular Aspects Of The Concept Of "Terrorism" -aggravation of social inequality, increase in the level of unemployment, issues of increasing the number of large families, marginalization of society, etc.
It is worth emphasizing that the determinants of terrorism identified by use are not exhaustive, but interrelated and interdependent with the motivational basis of terrorist activity.It is the motives that are the driving force behind the use of the ideology of terrorism to resolve the contradictions and satisfy the interests of interested parties.In some cases, they may coincide with the causes of terrorist activity and be its ideological basis.
In particular, such motives can be: the desire for personal gain and illegal enrichment, the desire for self-determination and self-affirmation of the individual, the establishment of one's own ideological values and moral foundations, the desire for absolute power, the promotion of racial and linguistic exclusivity, the need for respect from society or the state for other national or religious groups, certain strata of society, a certain people, etc.
Therefore, in view of the above, we can state that unlike the early forms of terrorist activity, which were mainly aimed at using terror methods as a tool of political struggle, modern terrorism is a qualitatively new phenomenon, a special form of criminal conflict, which involves the use of the ideology of violence as a means intimidation, threats and fear-mongering in order to achieve a relevant political, ideological or selfish goal by subjects of terrorist activity.
The most characteristic features of modern terrorist activity should be considered to be its mostly organized nature, ideological cover for political or self-interested motivation, financing and coordination by non-governmental organizations, representatives of criminal communities or individual states, as well as the use by terrorists of corrupt connections with representatives of state authorities, law enforcement officers, employees of special services of foreign countries and influential persons of the economic and financial segment.
Conclusions.Summarizing what has been said, we would like to note that: 1. Modern terrorism is a qualitatively new phenomenon, a special form of criminal conflict, which involves the use of the ideology of violence as a means of intimidation, threats, and instilling fear in order to achieve a corresponding political, ideological, or selfish goal by the subjects of terrorist activity.A specific feature of modern terrorism should be recognized as the ideological cover-up of political or selfinterested motivation of terrorist activity, the merging of terrorist activity with international general criminality, as well as the use by terrorist structures of globalization processes and integration trends as components of such processes to strengthen the influence of the ideology of terrorist communities on the territory of many countries of the world.
2. Terrorism should be understood as publicly committed, socially dangerous criminal acts or threats that involve organizational, financial, material and technical or other assistance in the direct implementation of single or a series of terrorist acts, aimed at inciting terror and panic, creating an atmosphere of hopelessness, depression, unrest for the purpose of direct or indirect influence on the execution of specific actions by powerful officials in favor of terrorists or the implementation of a corresponding set of political, social or economic measures in their interests.